American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)

African-American Civil Rights Movement
The March on Washington participants and leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial
Date	1954–1968 (15 years)
Location	United States, especially the Southern region
Resulted in	Rulings by federal judiciary: "Separate but equal" doctrine overturned by Brown v. Education (1954) Interracial marriages legalized by Loving v. Virginia (1967) Ratification of federal constitutional amendments: 23rd Amendment (1961) 24th Amendment (1964) Passage of federal laws: Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act) Formation of federal agencies: Civil Rights Division within US Department of Justice (1957) US Commission on Civil Rights (1957) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1965) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within US Department of Housing and Urban Development (1968)

The Civil Rights Movement, also known as the American Civil Rights Movement and other names, is a term that encompasses the strategies, groups, and social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South.

The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations, which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans. The lynching of Emmett Till and the visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the African-American community nationwide. Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56) in Alabama; "sit-ins" such as the influential Greensboro sit-ins (1960) in North Carolina and successful Nashville sit-ins in Tennessee; marches, such as the Birmingham Children's Crusade and Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) in Alabama; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities.