Adolf Joffe

Adolph Joffe Адо́льф Ио́ффе
Ambassador of the Soviet Union to China
In office 1922–1924
Preceded by	Nikolai Kudashev
Succeeded by	Lev Karakhan
Ambassador of the Soviet Union to Austria
In office 12 December 1924 – 29 June 1925
Preceded by	Voldemar Aussem
Succeeded by	Jānis Bērziņš-Ziemelis
Member of the 6th Secretariat
In office 6 August 1917 – 8 March 1918
Personal details
Born	Adolph Abramovich Joffe 10 October 1883 Simferopol, Russian Empire
Died	16 November 1927 (44 years) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union

Adolph Abramovich Joffe (Russian: Адо́льф Абра́мович Ио́ффе, alternative transliterations Adolf Ioffe or, rarely, Yoffe) (10 October 1883 in Simferopol – 16 November 1927 in Moscow) was a Communist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat of Karaite descent.

Adolf Abramovich Joffe was born in Simferopol, Crimea, Russian Empire in a wealthy Karaite family. He became a social democrat in 1900 while still in high school, formally joining the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903. In 1904 Joffe was sent to Baku, which he had to flee to avoid arrest. He was then sent to Moscow, but had to flee again, this time abroad. After the events of Bloody Sunday on January 9, 1905, Joffe returned to Russia and took an active part in the Russian Revolution of 1905. In early 1906 he was forced to emigrate and lived in Berlin until his expulsion from Germany in May 1906.

In Russia, Joffe was close to the Menshevik faction within the Russian Social Democratic Party. However, after moving to Vienna in May 1906, he became close to Leon Trotsky's position and helped Trotsky edit Pravda from 1908 to 1912 while studying medicine and with Alfred Adler, psychoanalysis. He also used his family's fortune to support Pravda financially. During the course of his underground revolutionary activity Joffe adopted the party name "V. Krymsky," the surname meaning "The Crimean."

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