5 nanometer

In semiconductor manufacturing, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors defines the 5 nanometer (5 nm) node as the technology node following the 7 nm node.

Transistors at the 7 nm scale were first produced by researchers in the first decade of the 21st century – the process scale may represent the end of Moore's Law scaling for electronic devices.

As of 2017, no 5 nm scale devices have been commercially produced.

The 5 nm node was once assumed by some experts to be the end of Moore's law.Transistors smaller than 7 nm will experience quantum tunnelling through their logic gates. Due to the costs involved in development, 5 nm is predicted to take longer to reach market than the 2 years estimated by Moore's law.

Beyond 7 nm, major technological advances would have to be made; possible candidates include vortex laser,MOSFET-BJT dual-mode transistor,3D packaging,microfluidic cooling,PCMOS,vacuum transistors,t-rays,extreme ultraviolet lithography,carbon nanotube transistors,silicon photonics,graphene,phosphorene,organic semiconductors,gallium arsenide,indium gallium arsenide,nano-patterning, and reconfigurable chaos-based microchips.

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