The 2017–18 season was the first ever season of competitive football played by Jamshedpur. The team, along with Bengaluru, entered the Indian Super League as two new expansion teams. They played their first competitive match on 18 November 2017 while playing their last match on 12 April 2018. The club ended their first Indian Super League campaign in fifth place, thus missing out on the chance to participate in the finals. Jamshedpur also participated in the Super Cup, being eliminated by Goa in the quarter-finals.

Jamshedpur signed former Manchester City manager, Steve Coppell, as their first head coach in July. Coppell was in charge of fellow Super League side Kerala Blasters the previous season, leading the side to the final. India international Anas Edathodika became Jamshedpur's first player when he was drafted by the club during the players draft. Spanish defender Tiri was soon signed as the club's first foreign player. Other players recruited included those with previous ISL experience such as Sameehg Doutie, Memo, Kervens Belfort, André Bikey, and Matheus Gonçalves.

The season started for Jamshedpur with three consecutive draws before earning their first victory away at Delhi Dynamos. The first half of the season saw Jamshedpur six points off fourth place. During the second half of the season Jamshedpur managed to gain five victories but a draw and three defeats, including one during their last match against Goa, meant that the club would miss out on qualification for the finals. During the Super Cup, Jamshedpur defeated the I-League champions Minerva Punjab in the first round before being defeated by Goa in the quarter-finals.

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