13th Dalai Lama
| Thubten | |
|---|---|
| 13th Dalai Lama | |
 |
|
| Reign | 31 July 1879 – 17 December 1933 |
| Predecessor | Trinley Gyatso |
| Successor | Tenzin Gyatso |
| Tibetan | ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ |
| Wylie | thub bstan rgya mtsho |
| Pronunciation | [tʰuptɛ̃ catsʰɔ] |
| Transcription (PRC) |
Tubdain Gyaco |
| THDL | Thubten Gyatso |
| Chinese | 土登嘉措 |
| Pinyin | Tudeng Jiācuò |
| Born |
12 February 1876 Thakpo Langdun, Ü-Tsang, Tibet |
| Died | 17 December 1933 (aged 57) Lhasa, Tibet |
Thubten Gyatso (Tibetan: ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་, Wylie: Thub Bstan Rgya Mtsho; 12 February 1876 – 17 December 1933) was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet.
In 1878 he was recognized as the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. He was escorted to Lhasa and given his pre-novice vows by the Panchen Lama, Tenpai Wangchuk, and named "Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal". In 1879 he was enthroned at the Potala Palace, but did not assume political power until 1895, after he had reached his maturity.
Thubten Gyatso was an intellectual reformer who proved himself a skillful politician when Tibet became a pawn in British and Russian rivalry. He was responsible for countering the British expedition to Tibet, restoring discipline in monastic life, and increasing the number of lay officials to avoid excessive power being placed in the hands of the monks.
The 13th Dalai Lama was born in the village of Thakpo Langdun, one day by car, south-east from Lhasa, and near Sam-ye Monastery, Tak-po province, in June, 1876 to parents Kunga Rinchen and Lobsang Dolma, a peasant couple. Laird gives his birthdate as 27 May 1876, and Mullin gives it as 'dawn on the 5th month of the Fire Mouse Year (1876).'
In 1879, he was enthroned in the Grand Reception Hall at the Potala Palace. The ceremony was approved by an imperial edict. According to Qing historian Max Oidtmann, the Lhasa ambans were involved in the installation of the three-year-old incarnation on his dais. On the first day the young Dalai Lama was taken before the image of emperor Qianlong and performed the “three genuflections and nine prostrations” (a full kowtow) before it. On the next day, in the great Dug’eng Hall the emperor’s congratulatory edict was read out, and the Dalai Lama, together with the regent, again performed the ketou and bowed in the direction of the court.
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