Ahmad ibn Hanbal
| Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ḥanbal Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shaybānī | |
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Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ḥanbal Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shaybānī in Islamic calligraphy
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| Title | Sheikh ul-Islam |
| Born | Rabi-ul-I, 164 AH/November, 780 Baghdad, Iraq |
| Died | 12 Rabi'-ul-I, 241 AH/ 2 August, 855(aged 74-75) Baghdad, Iraq |
| Ethnicity | Arab |
| Era | Islamic Golden Age |
| Region | Iraq |
| Occupation | Scholar of Islam |
| Religion | Islam |
| Jurisprudence | Ijtihad |
| Creed | Athari |
| Main interest(s) | Fiqh, Hadith, Aqeedah |
| Notable idea(s) | Hanbali madhhab |
| Notable work(s) | Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal |
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Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ḥanbal Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shaybānī (Arabic: احمد بن محمد بن حنبل ابو عبد الله الشيباني; 780–855 CE/164–241 AH), often referred to as Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal or Ibn Ḥanbal for short, was an Arab Muslim jurist, theologian, and hadith traditionist. An enormously influential and vigorous scholar during his lifetime, Ibn Hanbal went on to become "one of the most venerated" and celebrated personalities in the tradition of Sunni Islam, within which he was often referred to by such reverent epithets as Sheikh al-Islām and Imam of Baghdad. He has been retrospectively described as "the most significant exponent of the traditionalist approach in Sunni Islam," with his "profound influence affecting almost every area of" orthodox Sunni thought. One of the foremost classical proponents of the importance of using hadith literature to govern Islamic law and life, Ibn Hanbal is famous for compiling one of the most important Sunni hadith collections, the celebrated Musnad, an enormous compendium of prophetic traditions that has continued to wield considerable influence in the field of hadith studies up to the present time. Additionally, Ibn Hanbal is also honored as the founder of the Hanbali school of Sunni jurisprudence, which is one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam.
Having studied fiqh and hadith under many teachers during his youth, Ibn Hanbal became famous in his later life for the crucial role he played in the Mihna, the inquisition instituted by the Abbasid Caliphate al-Ma'mun towards the end of his reign, in which the ruler gave official state support to the Mutazilite dogma of the Quran being created, a view that contradicted the orthodox doctrine of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated Word of God. Suffering physical persecution under the caliph for his unflinching adherence to the traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's fortitude in this particular event only bolstered his "resounding reputation" in the annals of Islamic history.
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Wikipedia