Lunch counters

Question

This piglix contains articles or sub-piglix about Lunch counters

Answer 1

Nashville sit-ins

Nashville sit-ins

Students

Lawyers

The Nashville sit-ins, which lasted from February 13 to May 10, 1960, were part of a nonviolent direct action campaign to end racial segregation at lunch counters in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. The sit-in campaign, coordinated by the Nashville Student Movement and Nashville Christian Leadership Council, was notable for its early success and emphasis on disciplined nonviolence.

Over the course of the campaign, sit-ins were staged at numerous stores in Nashville's central business district. Sit-in participants, who consisted mainly of black college students as well as some white students who oppose segregation, were often verbally or physically attacked by white onlookers. Despite their refusal to retaliate, over 150 students were eventually arrested for refusing to vacate store lunch counters when ordered to do so by police. At trial, the students were represented by a group of 13 lawyers, headed by Z. Alexander Looby. On April 19, Looby's home was bombed; however, neither he nor his wife was injured. Later that day, nearly 4000 people marched to City Hall to confront Mayor Ben West about the escalating violence. When asked if he believed the lunch counters in Nashville should be desegregated, West agreed that they should. After subsequent negotiations between the store owners and protest leaders, an agreement was reached during the first week of May. On May 10, six downtown stores began serving black customers at their lunch counters for the first time.

Although the initial campaign successfully desegregated downtown lunch counters, sit-ins, pickets, and protests against other segregated facilities continued in Nashville until passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended overt, legally sanctioned segregation nationwide. Many of the organizers of the Nashville sit-ins went on to become important leaders in the Civil Rights Movement.

In 1896, the United States Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal". This decision led to the proliferation of Jim Crow laws throughout the United States. These laws mandated segregation in virtually all spheres of public life and allowed racial discrimination to flourish across the country, especially in the Southern United States.

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Answer 2

Nighthawks

Nighthawks

Nighthawks is a 1942 oil on canvas painting by Edward Hopper that portrays people in a downtown diner late at night.

It is Hopper's most famous work, and is one of the most recognizable paintings in American art. Within months of its completion, it was sold to the Art Institute of Chicago on May 13, 1942 for $3,000 and has remained there ever since.

Starting shortly after their marriage in 1924, Edward Hopper and his wife Josephine (Jo) kept a journal in which he would, using a pencil, make a sketch-drawing of each of his paintings, along with a precise description of certain technical details. Jo Hopper would then add additional information about the theme of the painting.

A review of the page on which Nighthawks is entered shows (in Edward Hopper's handwriting) that the intended name of the work was actually Night Hawks and that the painting was completed on January 21, 1942.

Jo's handwritten notes about the painting give considerably more detail, including the possibility that the painting's title may have had its origins as a reference to the beak-shaped nose of the man at the bar, or that the appearance of one of the "nighthawks" was tweaked in order to relate to the original meaning of the word:

Night + brilliant interior of cheap restaurant. Bright items: cherry wood counter + tops of surrounding stools; light on metal tanks at rear right; brilliant streak of jade green tiles 3/4 across canvas--at base of glass of window curving at corner. Light walls, dull yellow ocre [sic] door into kitchen right.

Very good looking blond boy in white (coat, cap) inside counter. Girl in red blouse, brown hair eating sandwich. Man night hawk (beak) in dark suit, steel grey hat, black band, blue shirt (clean) holding cigarette. Other figure dark sinister back--at left. Light side walk outside pale greenish. Darkish red brick houses opposite. Sign across top of restaurant, dark--Phillies 5c cigar. Picture of cigar. Outside of shop dark, green. Note: bit of bright ceiling inside shop against dark of outside street--at edge of stretch of top of window.

In January 1942, Jo confirmed her preference for the name. In a letter to Edward's sister Marion she wrote, "Ed has just finished a very fine picture--a lunch counter at night with 3 figures. Night Hawks would be a fine name for it. E. posed for the two men in a mirror and I for the girl. He was about a month and half working on it."

Upon completing the canvas in the late winter of 1942, Hopper placed it on display at Rehn's, the gallery at which his paintings were normally placed for sale. It remained there for about a month. On St. Patrick's Day, Edward and Jo Hopper attended the opening of an exhibit of the paintings of Henri Rousseau at the Museum of Modern Art, which had been organized by Daniel Catton Rich, the director of the Art Institute of Chicago. Rich was in attendance, along with Alfred Barr, the director of the Museum of Modern Art. Barr spoke enthusiastically of Gas, which Hopper had painted a year earlier, and "Jo told him he just had to go to Rehn's to see Nighthawks. In the event it was Rich who went, pronounced Nighthawks 'fine as a Homer', and soon arranged its purchase for Chicago." The sale price was $3,000. The painting has remained in the collection of the Art Institute ever since.

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Answer 3

Rotary Centre for the Arts

The Rotary Centre for the Arts is an arts centre in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. It is very close to the Kelowna Art Gallery, both of which are located on Cawston Avenue. The building houses the Mary Irwin Theatre, the Alternator Centre for Contemporary Art, Potters Addict Ceramic Art Centre, several other studios and a bistro that serves sandwiches and soups. Patrick LeBlanc is the centre's general manager. In September 2012, the centre hosted the kick-off of the Okanagan Fall Wine Festival, the annual general meeting of the Okanagan Basin Water Board, and the Kelowna Student Film Festival. In October of that year, UBC Okanagan students published a typewriter-produced zine called The Heartbreak at one of the centre's studios.

The Mary Irwin Theatre is part of the building. It hosts a portion of the annual Life and Arts Festival, which also takes place at the Kelowna Art Gallery and Laurel Building. In 2005, the theatre hosted a screening of untitled part 4: terra incognita, a documentary film by Jackie Salloum about the destruction of the culture of the Okanagan people. In 2006, the theatre hosted a March performance of Here on the Flight Path, and a May performance of thriller play Quarry. The Downtown Revitalization Initiative held an event at the theatre in 2008. In 2009, the theatre hosted the Central Okanagan Foundation's official release of a report that graded the Regional District of Central Okanagan on various community attributes, such as housing, safety, and transportation. Later that year, the theatre hosted the play Miss Muffet's Christmas Party. The Sunshine Theatre Society performed more than twenty productions at the theatre between January and April 2011. In September 2011, Sheryl MacKay taped Why Music Works at the theatre. In 2012, the theatre hosted performances of She Has a Name, a play by Andrew Kooman about human trafficking.

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Answer 4

Seafoam salad

Seafoam salad

Seafoam salad, also known as orange salad, is a cafeteria and buffet staple popularized by F. W. Woolworth's lunch counters. Seafoam salad is often considered a dessert and is one of many dessert salads. It is composed of green gelatin, cream cheese, pears, maraschino cherries and whipped cream topping. Orange salad uses orange-flavored gelatin instead of lime.

Multiple versions of the recipe exist. Variations include substituting crushed pineapple for pears or adding mayonnaise and nuts to the mixture.

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Answer 5

Shorty%27s Lunch

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Answer 6

Sit-in movement

The sit-in movement, or student sit-in movement, was a wave of sit-ins that followed the Greensboro sit-ins on February 1, 1960 in North Carolina. The sit-in movement employed the tactic of nonviolent direct action and was a pivotal event during the Civil Rights Movement.

The youth of the United States powered the sit-in movement across the country. Many students across the country followed by example, as sit-ins provided a powerful tool for students to use to attract attention. The students of Baltimore made use of this in 1960 where many used the efforts to desegregate department store restaurants, which proved to be successful lasting about three weeks. This was one small role Baltimore played in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The city facilitated social movements across the country as it saw bus and taxi companies hiring African-Americans in 1951-1952.

Morgan State College students saw the success of the sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina, and wanted to utilize this tactic in the department store restaurants. There were massive amounts of support from the community for the students’ efforts, but more importantly, white involvement and support grew in favor of desegregation of department store restaurants.

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Answer 7

State v. Katz

State of Iowa v. Katz (241 Iowa 115, 40 N.W. 2d 41 (1949)) was a landmark civil rights victory involving the Katz Drug Store in downtown Des Moines, Iowa.

On July 7, 1948, at 3:45 p.m., Edna Griffin, her infant daughter Phyllis, John Bibbs, and Leonard Hudson entered the Katz Drug Store in Des Moines, Iowa, and ordered ice cream at the lunch counter. The manager refused to serve them, saying, "It is the policy of our store that we don't serve colored." Outraged members of the community responded with sit-ins and picketing directed at Katz and other local lunch counters that refused to serve people because of race.

The Polk County Attorney's Office prosecuted the Katz manager under Iowa's only civil rights law, a criminal statute prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations. The manager was found guilty by a jury and fined $50. The Iowa Supreme Court upheld the conviction on December 13, 1949.

On December 2, 1949, civil rights attorneys Charles P. Howard and Henry T. McKnight, who was head of the local NAACP Legal Redress Committee, negotiated an agreement, which successfully ended Katz’s discriminatory practices.

In 1884, the Iowa General Assembly enacted a law making it a crime to deny any individual "The full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement," on the basis of such factors as race, religion, or ethnic background.

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Answer 8

Tasty Sandwich Shop

Tasty Sandwich Shop

The Tasty Sandwich Shop, sometimes referred to as “The Tasty”, was located near the intersection of JFK Street and Brattle Street, at the center of Harvard Square, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. It was housed in the Read Block building, which was the site of the home of colonial poet Anne Bradstreet. The Tasty closed in 1997, after 81 years in business, and was later replaced by the chain stores Abercrombie & Fitch and Pacific Sunwear, then Citizens Bank and, the current occupant, a CVS Pharmacy.

The Tasty was a tiny one-room diner and lunch counter, its customer area no more than seven feet wide and thirty feet deep, with a narrow counter made of yellow linoleum. A Harvard Business School student once deemed it “the most profitable restaurant in New England per sq ft“, at 210 sq ft (20 m²). The Tasty had fourteen stools. On busy nights it would be crammed with 60-80 people (from actual head counts) at a time. On these nights between 300–400 of these burgers were served between the hours of midnight and 4.00 AM.

A large map, studded with pins, covered the back wall of the diner and claimed to pinpoint the origins of postcards from customers over the years. In keeping with the informal atmosphere of the diner — where the cooks, including Tom Sweet, who managed The Tasty on the graveyard shift until the summer of 1976, and chef Charlie Coney — were sometimes compared to bartenders and frequently chatted with customers.

By the end of its existence it attracted both long-time residents and, by virtue both of its proximity to Harvard Yard and its late opening hours, numerous students from Harvard University, and had become one of the few places where students and residents, and residents from different social and economic classes, mixed informally. According to one historian, “you could sit next to a professor on your left, and a homeless person on your right.”

The Tasty was often referred to in the press as a “local landmark” or “institution”, and was immortalized in film during a scene in Good Will Hunting. It was also used in a scene during Love Story, Harvard’s Erich Segal’s story of a privileged Harvard Law School student (Ryan O’Neal) and his plain brown wrapper girlfriend (Ali MacGraw). It is also the subject of a 2005 documentary, Touching History, by Federico Muchnik.

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Answer 9

Wilensky%27s

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