Zimmerwald Conference

The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from 5 to 8 September 1915. It was the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War I. The individuals and organizations participating in this and subsequent conferences held at Kienthal and Stockholm are known jointly as the Zimmerwald movement.

The Zimmerwald Conference began the unraveling of the coalition between revolutionary socialists (the so-called Zimmerwald Left) and reformist socialists in the Second International.

The Zimmerwald movement emerged due to the betrayal of the Bureau of the Second International following the eruption of the First World War, where the international split by national lines and voted for war credits. On August 4th, 1914, the German Social Democratic Party faction voted in the German Parliament for war credits, citing "defense of the fatherland", a betrayal of socialist internationalism which prompted discussion for a new International.

On 19 April 1915 Italian parliamentary deputy Oddino Morgari traveled to France on behalf of the Italian Party to meet with Belgian Socialist leader Emile Vandervelde, chairman of the Executive Committee of the Bureau, and representatives of the Socialist Party of France seeking convocation of an international conference of neutral socialists. His proposals were flatly rejected by Vendervelde and the French Socialists, who had come to support the fundamental justice of the war effort and saw an international conference as a potential impediment to its completion.

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