Zero configuration networking

Zero-configuration networking (zeroconf) is a set of technologies that automatically creates a usable computer network based on the (TCP/IP) when computers or network peripherals are interconnected. It does not require manual operator intervention or special configuration servers.

Zeroconf is built on three core technologies: automatic assignment of numeric network addresses for networked devices, automatic distribution and resolution of computer hostnames, and automatic location of network services, such as printing devices. Without zeroconf, a network administrator must set up network services, such as (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS), or configure each computer's network settings manually.

Computer networks use numerical network addresses to identify communications endpoints in a network of participating devices. This is similar to the telephone network, which assigns a string of digits to identify each telephone. In modern , information to be transmitted is divided into a series of network packets. Every packet contains the source and destination addresses for the transmission. Network routers examine these addresses to determine the best network path in forwarding the data packet at each step toward its destination.

Similarly to telephones being labeled with their telephone number, it was a common practice in early networks to attach an address label to networked devices. The dynamic nature of modern networks, especially residential networks in which devices are powered up only when needed, requires ad-hoc, dynamic address assignment mechanisms that do not require user involvement for initialization and management. These systems automatically give themselves common names chosen either by the equipment manufacturer, such as a brand and model number, or chosen by users for identifying their equipment. The names and addresses are then automatically entered into a directory service.

The early history of computer networking built upon technologies of the telecommunications networks and thus, protocols tended to fall into two groups: those intended to connect local devices into a local area network (LAN), and those intended primarily for long-distance communications. Wide area network (WAN) systems tended to have centralized setup, where an authority would assign addresses and names, often by a network administrator using manual means.

...
Wikipedia