Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols
| Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Ming China during the reign of the Yongle Emperor |
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| Belligerents | |||||
| Ming China |
Eastern Mongols Oyirad Mongols Various Mongol tribes |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||
| Yongle Emperor |
Bunyashiri (Eastern Mongols) Mahmud (Oyirad Mongols) |
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Ming victory
Eastern Mongols
Oyirad Mongols
Bunyashiri (Eastern Mongols)
Arughtai (Eastern Mongols)
Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols was the military campaign of Ming China under Yongle Emperor against the Mongols in the north. During his reign he launched several aggressive campaigns against the Eastern Mongols, Oyirad Mongols, and various other Mongol tribes.
During the reign of the Hongwu Emperor, the Mongol commander Naghachu was forced to surrender to the Ming in 1387 and Töghüs Temür was defeated by Ming armies under General Lan Yu in 1388. The many Mongol tribes of Manchuria surrendered to Ming China, who incorporated them into the Uriyangkhad commanderies (known as the "Three commandaries") to serve at the empire's northern frontier regions. However, the Oyirad Mongols and Eastern Mongols remained hostile towards Ming China.
The Ming court had dispatched the ambassador Guo Ji to the Eastern Mongols, demanding that they submit as a tributary to Ming China. However, in 1409, Bunyashiri, khan of the Eastern Mongols executed the ambassador from Ming China. By contrast, Mahmud of the Oyirad Mongols had sent a tributary mission to the imperial Ming court in 1408. By establishing relations with the Oyirad, the Ming effectively used them to offset the Eastern Mongols. There was growing enmity amongst the Ming court towards the Eastern Mongols for their refusal to accept tributary status and for the killing of a Ming emissary. Between 1410 and 1424, the Yongle Emperor led five military campaigns against the Mongols.
In the winter of 1409, the Yongle Emperor made preparations for his military expedition. On 25 March 1410, he departed from Beijing on his military expedition against the Eastern Mongols. He brought with him an estimated 100,000 soldiers, even though the Mingshi gives an unlikely figure of 500,000 troops. They made use of 30,000 carts for transport. They traveled respectively to Xuanfu, Xinghe, and Kerulen.
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