Yakov Sverdlov
| Yakov Sverdlov Я́ков Свердло́в |
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| Chairman of the Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) | |
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In office 1918 – 16 March 1919 |
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| Preceded by |
Elena Stasova (as Technical Secretary) |
| Succeeded by | Elena Stasova |
| Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets | |
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In office 21 November 1917 – 16 March 1919 |
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| Preceded by | Lev Kamenev |
| Succeeded by | Mikhail Vladimirsky (acting) |
| Member of the 6th, 7th Bureau | |
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In office 29 November 1917 – 16 March 1919 |
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| Member of the 6th, 7th Secretariat | |
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In office 6 August 1917 – 16 March 1919 |
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| Personal details | |
| Born |
3 June 1885 Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 16 March 1919 (aged 33) Moscow, Russian SFSR |
| Citizenship | Soviet |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Political party | Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) |
Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (Russian: Я́ков Миха́йлович Свердло́в; IPA: [ˈjakəf mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ svʲɪrdˈlof]; known by pseudonyms "Andrei", "Mikhalych", "Max", "Smirnov", "Permyakov"; 3 June [O.S. 22 May] 1885 – 16 March 1919) was a Bolshevik party administrator and chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
Sverdlov was born in Nizhny Novgorod as Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov to Jewish parents Mikhail Izrailevich Sverdlov and Elizaveta Solomonova. His father was a politically active engraver who produced forged documents and stored arms for the revolutionary underground. The Sverdlov family had six children: two daughters (Sophia and Sara) and four sons (Zinovy, Yakov, Veniamin, and Lev). After his wife's death in 1900, Mikhail converted with his family to the Russian Orthodox Church, married Maria Aleksandrovna Kormiltseva, and had two more sons, Herman and Alexander. Yakov's eldest brother Zinovy was adopted by Maxim Gorky, who was a frequent guest at the house.
Yakov Sverdlov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1902, and then the Bolshevik faction, supporting Vladimir Lenin. He was involved in the 1905 revolution while living in the Ural Mountains.
After four years of high school, he became a major activist and speaker in Nizhny Novgorod. For most of the time from his arrest in June 1906 until 1917 he was either imprisoned or exiled. During the period 1914–1916 he was in internal exile in Turukhansk, Siberia, along with Joseph Stalin. Both had been betrayed by the Okhrana agent Roman Malinovsky. Like Stalin, he was co-opted in absentia to the 1912 Prague Conference.
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