Xinjiang under Qing rule

Xinjiang under Qing rule
Military governorate later province of the Qing dynasty
← 1759–1912 →
Xinjiang within the Qing dynasty in 1820.
Capital		Ili (c. 1762-1871) Ürümqi (1884-1912)
Government		Qing hierarchy
History
•	Established	1759
•	Dungan revolt	1862-1877
•	Conversion into province	1884
•	Disestablished	1912

Dungan revolt
Yaqub Bek, Amir of Kashgaria
Date 1862-77 Location Xinjiang Result Qing victory
Belligerents
Qing Empire Hui Muslim loyalists Khufiyya order under Ma Zhan'ao in Gansu (1872-77) Eleven Gedimu Battalions of Shaanxi (1872-77) Cui Wei's battalion (1872-1877) Hua Dacai's battalion (1872-1877)	Kashgaria (Kokandi Uzbek Andijanis under Yaqub Beg) Supported by: British Empire Ottoman Empire Taranchi Turkic Muslim rebels in Ili	Hui Muslim rebels
Commanders and leaders
	Yaqub Beg Hsu Hsuehkung	T'o Ming (Tuo Ming, aka Daud Khalifa)
Strength
Qing troops	Turkic Muslim rebels, Andijani Uzbek troops and Afghan volunteers, Han Chinese and Hui forcibly drafted into Yaqub's army, and separate Han Chinese militia	Hui Muslim rebels

Xinjiang under Qing rule refers to the Qing dynasty's rule over Xinjiang from the late 1750s to 1912. In the history of Xinjiang, the Qing rule was established in the final phase of the Dzungar–Qing War when the Dzungar Khanate was conquered by the Qing dynasty established by the Manchus in China, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The post of General of Ili was established to govern the whole of Xinjiang and reported to the Lifan Yuan, a Qing government agency that oversaw the empire's frontier regions. Xinjiang was turned into a province in 1884.

The area called Dzungaria in present-day Xinjiang was the base of the Dzungar Khanate. The Qing dynasty gained control over eastern Xinjiang as a result of a long struggle with the Dzungars that began in the 17th century. In 1755, with the help of the Oirat nobel Amursana, the Qing attacked Ghulja and captured the Dzungar khan. After Amursana's request to be declared Dzungar khan went unanswered, he led a revolt against the Qing. Over the next two years, Qing armies destroyed the remnants of the Dzungar khanate. The Turkic Muslims of the Turfan and Kumul Oases then submitted to the Qing dynasty of China, and asked China to free them from the Dzungars. The Qing accepted the rulers of Turfan and Kumul as Qing vassals. The Qing dynasty waged war against the Dzungars for decades until finally defeating them and then Qing Manchu Bannermen carried out the Dzungar genocide, nearly wiping them from existence and depopulating Dzungaria. The Qing then freed the Afaqi Khoja leader Burhan-ud-din and his brother Khoja Jihan from their imprisonment by the Dzungars, and appointed them to rule as Qing vassals over the Tarim Basin. The Khoja brothers decided to renege on this deal and declare themselves as independent leaders of the Tarim Basin. The Qing and the Turfan leader Emin Khoja crushed their revolt and China then took full control of both Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin by 1759. The Qing had the Emin Minaret built in honor of their vassal Emin Khoja.

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Wikipedia