Voice (grammar)

In grammar, the voice of a verb, also called diathesis /daɪˈæθəsɪs/ and (rarely) the gender of a verb, describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.

For example, in the sentence:

the verb "ate" is in the active voice. However, in the sentence:

the verbal phrase "was eaten" is passive.

In the sentence:

the verb "killed" is in the active voice, and the doer of the action is the "hunter". A passive version of the sentence is:

where the verbal phrase "was killed" is followed by the word "by" and then by the doer "hunter".

In a transformation from an active-voice clause to an equivalent passive-voice construction, the subject and the direct object switch grammatical roles. The direct object gets promoted to subject, and the subject demoted to an (optional) complement. In the first example above, the mouse serves as the direct object in the active-voice version, but becomes the subject in the passive version. The subject of the active-voice version, the cat, becomes part of a prepositional phrase in the passive version of the sentence, and can be left out entirely.

In the grammar of Ancient Greek, voice was called διάθεσις (diáthesis) "arrangement" or "condition", with three subcategories: active (ἐνέργεια [enérgeia]), passive (πάθος [páthos]), and middle (μεσότης [mesótēs]). In Latin there are two voices: active and passive (Latin: [genus] activum, passivum).

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