Verb applicative

The applicative voice (abbreviated APL or APPL) is a grammatical voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the (core) object argument, and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb. When the applicative voice is applied to a verb, its valency may be increased by one. Many languages have dedicated morphology (commonly several affixes), for applicative uses. This is common in the world's languages, particularly in highly agglutinative languages, such as the Bantu languages, Nuxalk, Ubykh, and Ainu.

Prototypically, applicatives apply to intransitive verbs. They can also be called "advancements" or "object promotion", because they bring a peripheral object to the center as a direct object. This object is sometimes called the applied object. For transitive verbs, the resulting verb can be ditransitive, or the original object is no longer expressed. If the original object is no longer expressed, it is not a valency-increasing operation

A language may have multiple applicatives, each corresponding to such different roles as comitative, locative, instrumental, and benefactive. Sometimes various applicatives will be expressed by the same morphological exponence, such as in the Bantu language Chewa, where the suffix -ir- forms both instrumental and locative applicatives. Some languages, such as Luganda, permit a 'second applicative' (known in Luganda as the "augmentative applied"), formed by a double application of the suffix. In this case the second applicative is used to give an alternative meaning.

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