Variovorax paradoxus
| Variovorax paradoxus | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Betaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Burkholderiales |
| Family: | Comamonadaceae |
| Genus: | Variovorax |
| Species: | V. paradoxus |
| Binomial name | |
|
Variovorax paradoxus |
|
| Type strain | |
| 13-0-1D, ATCC 17713, BCRC 17070, CCM 4467, CCRC 17070, CCUG 1777, CIP 103459, DSM 30034, DSM 66, IAM 12373, IAM 13535, ICPB 3985, IFO 15149, JCM 20526, JCM 20895, KACC 10222, KCTC 1007, KCTC 12459, LGM 1797t1, LMG 11797 t1, LMG 1797, NBRC 15149, NCIB 11964, NCIMB 11964, VKM B-1329 | |
Variovorax paradoxus is a gram negative, beta proteobacterium from the genus Variovorax. Strains of V. paradoxus can be categorized into two groups, hydrogen oxidizers and heterotrophic strains, both of which are aerobic. The genus name Vario-vorax (various-voracious; devouring a variety of substrates) and species name para-doxus (contrary-opinion) reflects both the dichotomy of V. paradoxus metabolisms, but also its ability to utilize a wide array of organic compounds.
V. paradoxus cells are curved rods in shape, with dimensions of 0.3-0.6 x 0.7-3.0 μm in size and normally occur as either single or pairs of cells. Typically, cells have 1-3 peritrichous, degenerate flagella. Colonies of V. paradoxus are yellow-green in colour, due to the production of carotenoid pigments, and often have an iridescent sheen. Colony shape is normally convex, round and smooth, but can also display flat, undulate margins.V. paradoxus grows optimally at 30oC in most growth media, including M9-glucose. On nutrient agar and M9-glucose agar, colonies take 24–48 hours to grow to a few millimetres in size.
Pantothenate is a characteristic carbon source utilized by V. paradoxus; it was the use of this sole carbon source that lead to the isolation of the first known strain of V. paradoxus. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), including poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (3-PHB), are stored intracellularly by V. paradoxus cells when carbon is abundant and other factors limit growth
The genomes of four strains of V. paradoxus have been sequenced, S110, EPS, B4 and TBEA6. S110 was isolated from the interior of a potato plant and was identified as a degrader of AHLs. This strain has two chromosomes (5.63 and 1.13Mb), a G+C content of 67.4% and a predicted number of 6279 open reading frames (ORF). EPS was isolated from the rhizosphere community of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and was initially studied for its motility. It has one chromosome (6.65Mb), a G+C content of 66.48% and a total of 6008 genes identified. The genomes of B4 and TBEA6 were sequenced with specific interest to better understand the strains abilities to degrade mercaptosuccinate and 3,3 -thiodipropionic acid respectively.
Found ubiquitously, V. paradoxus has been isolated from a diverse range of environments including soil, the rhizosphere of numerous plant species, drinking water, ground water, freshwater iron seeps, ferromanganese deposits in carbonate cave systems, deep marine sediments, silver mine spoil, gold-arsenopyrite mine drainage water, rubber tyre leachate and surface snow. In particularly, V. paradoxus is abundant in numerous environments that are contaminated with either recalcitrant organic compounds or heavy metals. V. paradoxus is also commonly found in plant rhizosphere communities and is a known plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB). It is from these two types of environments that V. paradoxus has been most extensively studied.
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