Uvular trill
| Uvular trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʀ | |||
| IPA number | 123 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʀ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+0280 | ||
| X-SAMPA | R\ |
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| Kirshenbaum | r" |
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| Braille |
 
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| Sound | |||
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| Voiced uvular raised non-sonorant trill | |
|---|---|
| ʀ̝ | |
| IPA number | 123 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | R\_r |
The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, a small capital letter R. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.
Features of the uvular trill:
There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the seventeenth century, spreading to standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese, as well as in parts of Dutch, Norwegian, and Swedish; it is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence. In most cases, varieties have shifted this to a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] or a voiced uvular approximant [ʁ̞].
The other main theory posits that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages through a process where the alveolar R was weakened and then replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation). As counterevidence against the "French origin" theory, it is stipulated that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in certain German dialects long before the 17th century.
Features of the voiced uvular raised non-sonorant trill:
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