Upper set

In mathematics, an upper set (also called an upward closed set or just an upset) of a partially ordered set (X,≤) is a subset U with the property that, if x is in U and x≤y, then y is in U.

The dual notion is lower set (alternatively, down set, decreasing set, initial segment, semi-ideal; the set is downward closed), which is a subset L with the property that, if x is in L and y≤x, then y is in L.

The terms order ideal or ideal are sometimes used as synonyms for lower set. This choice of terminology fails to reflect the notion of an ideal of a lattice because a lower set of a lattice is not necessarily a sublattice.

An ordinal number is usually identified with the set of all smaller ordinal numbers. Thus each ordinal number forms a lower set in the class of all ordinal numbers, which are totally ordered by set inclusion.

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