United States E-class submarine
USS E-1, lead ship of the class
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| Class overview | |
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| Name: | E class |
| Builders: |
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| Operators: |
 United States Navy
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| Preceded by: | D class |
| Succeeded by: | F class |
| Built: | 1911-1912 |
| In commission: | 1912-1921 |
| Completed: | 2 |
| Retired: | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Submarine |
| Displacement: |
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| Length: | 135 ft 3 in (41.22 m) |
| Beam: | 14 ft 7 in (4.45 m) |
| Draft: | 11 ft 8 in (3.56 m) |
| Propulsion: |
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| Speed: |
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| Range: |
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| Test depth: | 200 ft (61 m) |
| Complement: | 20 |
| Armament: |
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The E-class submarines were a class of two United States Navy submarines, built by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts under a subcontract from the Electric Boat Company. They were used as coastal and harbor defense submarines prior to World War I. When hostilities broke out, the E class were mostly used as training boats; however, E-1 operated on war patrols based in the Azores. During this time, the need for an improved permanent bridge structure was discovered; the temporary piping-and-canvas bridges were inadequate in the North Atlantic.
Unusually for the early submarine era, the E class boats displaced no more than the 340 tons of the preceding class. The E class was the first US diesel-powered submarine. The French "Z" (Q 36) was the first in the world, in 1905. Although early diesels were unreliable and the E class engines were replaced in 1915, diesels rapidly supplanted gasoline-fueled engines aboard submarines worldwide, to eliminate the substantial risk of gasoline fumes settling into the bilges of the boat at explosive concentrations, quietly awaiting any random spark to blast the boat apart and to take them all down on their very last dive. The cook in the galley — even now aboard a nuclear-powered boat — still mops the stainless steel clean with diesel fuel from the backup diesel engine's fuel supply. Another innovation that became standard was bow planes for greater precision in depth control.
These vessels included some features intended to increase underwater speed that were standard on US submarines of this era, including a small sail and a rotating cap over the torpedo tube muzzles. The streamlined, rotating torpedo tube muzzle cap reduced the drag that an uncovered tube would otherwise cause. In the stowed position, the submarine appeared to have no torpedo tubes, as the holes in the cap were covered by the bow stem. This feature remained standard through the K class, after which it was replaced with shutters that were standard through the 1950s. For extended surface runs, the small sail intended for greater speed underwater was augmented with the temporary piping-and-canvas structure apparent in the photo. The considerable time required to dismantle that structure made "crash" diving the boat impossible, and that impediment remained until its removal with the inception of the N class, commissioned 1917-1918. Experience in World War I showed that this was inadequate in North Atlantic weather, and earlier submarines serving overseas in that war (E class through L class) had the forward structure of the bridge modified with a "chariot" shield. Starting with the N class, built with lessons learned from overseas experience, US submarines had bridges more suited to surfaced operations in rough weather.
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