Ukrainian phonology
This article deals with the phonology of the standard Ukrainian language.
Ukrainian has six vowel phonemes: /ɛ ɪ i ɑ ɔ u/. /ɪ/ may be classified as a retracted high-mid front vowel, transcribed in narrow IPA as [e̠], [ë], [ɪ̞] or [ɘ̟].
Ukrainian has no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels; however, unstressed vowels are somewhat reduced in time, and as a result, in quality.
When consonants appear in pairs, the one to the left is voiceless and the one to the right voiced.
Phonetic details:
When two or more consonants occur word-finally, then a vowel is epenthesized under the following conditions. Given a consonantal grouping C1(ь)C2(ь), where C is any consonant. The vowel is inserted between the two consonants and after the ь. A vowel is only inserted if C2 is either /k/, /w/, /l/, /m/, /r/, or /ts/. In this case:
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