Typhoid vaccination
| Vaccine description | |
|---|---|
| Target disease | Typhoid |
| Type | ? |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a607028 |
| ATC code | |
| Identifiers | |
| ChemSpider |
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Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. There are two types that are widely available: Ty21a (a live vaccine given by mouth) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective for the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in question.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccinating all children in areas where the disease is common. Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk. Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of disease. Depending on the vaccine, additional doses are recommended every 3 to 7 years. In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travellers to areas of the world where the disease is common.
The current vaccines are very safe. Minor side effects may occur at the site of injection. The injectable vaccine is safe in HIV/AIDS and the oral vaccine can be used as long as symptoms are not present. Safety of the oral vaccine during pregnancy is unclear.
The first typhoid vaccines were developed in 1896 by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle. Due to side-effects newer formulations are currently recommended. Typhoid vaccines are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 4.44 USD per dose as of 2014. In the United States they cost 25 to 50 USD.
Ty21a and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine are effective in reducing typhoid fever with low rates of adverse effects. Newer vaccines such as Vi-rEPA seem promising.
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