Treaty of Novgorod (1557)

The Treaty, Truce or Second Peace of Novgorod was concluded in March 1557. It ended the Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), a series of skirmishes in the Viborg and Oreshek areas resulting from Swedish attempts to keep Livonia, where the Teutonic Order's rule had collapsed, out of the Russian sphere of influence.

Since 1554, Gustav I of Sweden had attempted to draw the Livonian gentry into an alliance with Sweden, Denmark-Norway and Poland-Lithuania, but Livonia refused. Thus, Gustav I started negotiations for a Russo-Swedish peace with Novgorod's governor, prince Mikhail Vasil'evich Glinsky. Novgorod was the traditional Russo-Swedish contact point, and Russian tsar Ivan IV "the Terrible" refused to negotiate with Sweden directly since he regarded elected king Gustav I to be of lower status than a hereditary tsar as himself. Gustav I on the other hand did not recognise the Russian tsar as an emperor. He also questioned whether the "Duchy of Muscovy" could represent Russia. Therefore, he wanted to send the Swedish commander of Viborg castle as negotiator.

In the end Ivan IV claimed that he made an exception, and allowed a Swedish delegation, led by Sten Eriksson Leijonhufvud, Gustav I's brother-in-law and Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala, to leave Novgorod for an audience in Moscow, where they met him in person. The Swedish delegation comprised a hundred men. The delegates had entered Russia after Åbo clergy Knut Johanneson had acquired the necessary permit in Moscow in 1556. The delegates had arrived in Moscow already on 24 February 1557, but the conclusion of the treaty was delayed until the end of March by the fasting period.

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