Treaty of Mangalore

The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangalore and brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Hyder Ali became dalwai of Mysore by force in 1761 displacing the Wodeyar Dynasty which had previously ruled the Kingdom. In 1766 war with the British broke out and Hyder's forces came close to capturing Madras, before his attacks began to falter. The war ended three years later with the Treaty of Madras in April 1769. This provided the mutual restoration of all conquests and for mutual aid and alliance in a defensive war.

The Second Anglo-Mysore war broke out for a number reasons, primarily though it was because Hyder Ali the de facto ruler of Mysore considered the British (since they provided no aid in Mysore’s defensive war with the Maratha’s) in breach of the treaty of April 1769. War with the British broke out in 1780 when Hyder led 80000-90000 men into the Carnatic region burning and destroying much of the countryside around the British strongholds of Vellore and Madras.

The British sent an army of about 5000 men to raise the siege of Arcot by Hyder but Hyder sent an opposing force of about 10000 men under the command of Tipu Sultan, his son. Tipu led his force to a crushing victory over the British at Pollilur. The British lost about 4000 men that day, it was the worst defeat of the British East India Company to date in India. Hyder continued his siege and Tipu continued to menace the British in the Carnatic region.

Tipu won another victory against the Company in 1782 when he defeated Colonel Braithwaite at Tanjore. The entire force of about 2000 men and about 10 field pieces were either killed or captured. By the end of 1781 the British started their counter-attack. In quick succession the British won the battles of Porto Novo, 2nd Pollilur and Sholinghur and the siege of Negapatam. In 1782 Hyder suddenly died and Tipu became king. In 1783 the British took the town of Coimbatore and by January 1784 Tipu retook Mangalore from the British. With neither side in a position to win, the war ended in stalemate and was then concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore.

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