Treaty of Istanbul (1590)

The Treaty of Constantinople, also known as the Peace of Istanbul or the Treaty of Ferhad Pasha (Turkish: Ferhat Paşa Antlaşması), was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia ending the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590 and was signed on 21 March 1590 in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). The war started when the Ottomans, then ruled by Murad III, invaded the Safavid possessions in Georgia, at a period when the Safavids were weak. With the empire beleagered on numerous fronts and its domestic matters plagued by civil wars and court intrigues, the new Safavid king Abbas I, ascended in 1587, opted for unconditional peace, which lead to the treaty. The treaty put an end to 12 years of hostilities between the two arch rivals. While both the war and the treaty were a success for the Ottomans, and severely disadvantageous for the Safavids, the new status quo proved to be short lived, as by the next bout of hostilities, several years later, all Safavid losses were recovered.

At the time the war commenced, the Safavid Empire was in a chaotic state, and under its weak ruler Mohammad Khodabanda, the Ottomans had managed to take most of the Safavid provinces of Azerbaijan (incl. the former capital Tabriz), Kartli and Kakheti, Karabagh, Erivan, Shirvan and Khuzistan, despite Mohammad Khodabanda's initially succesful counterattack mainly led by Shahnavaz Khan (Simon I). Following the ascension of Abbas I to the throne in 1587, in a time when the Safavid state was still plagued by domestic issues, the Ottomans still managed to push further, taking Baghdad in the very same year and Ganja in Shirvan shortly after. Confronted by even more problems (i.e. civil wars, uprisings, and the war against the Uzbeks in the northeastern part of the realm), Abbas I agreed to sign a humiliating treaty with disadvantageous terms.

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