Treatise of the Three Impostors

The Treatise of the Three Impostors (Latin: De Tribus Impostoribus) is the name of a book denying all three Abrahamic religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The three "impostors" of the title were Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad. The existence of such a book, and the attribution of its authorship to various heretics and political enemies, was a running theme from the 11th to the 18th centuries, when hoaxes in Germany and France produced two physical books.

Authorship of such a book is also laid at the door of various Jewish and Muslim writers.

De imposturis religionum was an anonymous attack, possibly Jewish or Muslim, on Christianity published in 1598, but dated earlier by G. Bartsch. It became known in the auctioning in 1716 of the library of the Greifswald theologian Johann Friedrich Mayer. To this text the Jurist Johannes Joachim Müller (1661–1733) wrote the two missing parts — against Moses and Muhammed — and the finished work appeared 1753 as De Tribus Impostoribus.

The first printing of Traité sur les trois imposteurs was credited to the printer M.M. Rey, but may have existed in manuscript form for some time before it was published. The first trace we have of it as a manuscript comes from a letter to Prosper Marchand from his old friend, Fritsch. He reminds Marchand about how another friend, Charles Levier, got the manuscript of the treatise from the library of Benjamin Furly in 1711. This gives a clue as to the provenance of the manuscript, now all but confirmed, as the work of the Irish satirist and freethinker John Toland (Seán Ó Tuathaláin 1670–1722). Even if it is not by Toland, it is certainly from the early eighteenth century and traceable to Marchand's circle that included Jean Aymon and Jean Rousset de Missy and these may have edited Toland's hoax manuscript. It is unlikely to have been around since the time of Frederick II which was part of the mythology of the manuscript. According to historian Silvia Berti, the book was originally published as La Vie et L'Esprit de Spinosa (The Life and Spirit of Spinoza),containing both a biography of Benedict Spinoza and the anti-religious essay, and was later republished under the title Traité sur les trois imposteurs. It is believed the author of the book may have been a young Dutch diplomat called Jan Vroesen.

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