Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau
Thoreau in 1856
Born	(1817-07-12)July 12, 1817 Concord, Massachusetts, United States
Died	May 6, 1862(1862-05-06) (aged 44) Concord, Massachusetts, United States
Alma mater	Harvard College
Era	19th century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Transcendentalism
Main interests	Ethics, Poetry, Religion, Politics, Biology, Philosophy, History
Notable ideas	Abolitionism, tax resistance, development criticism, civil disobedience, conscientious objection, direct action, environmentalism, anarchism, simple living
Influences Indian philosophy, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thomas Carlyle, Charles Darwin
Influenced Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., Walt Whitman, Leo Tolstoy, Marcel Proust, William Butler Yeats, Sinclair Lewis, John Cage, Ernest Hemingway, Upton Sinclair, Emma Goldman, E. B. White, E. O. Wilson, B. F. Skinner, Stanley Cavell, George Bernard Shaw, John Zerzan
Signature

Henry David Thoreau (see name pronunciation; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American essayist, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, and historian. A leading transcendentalist, Thoreau is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.

Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry amount to more than 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions are his writings on natural history and philosophy, in which he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern-day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close observation of nature, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and Yankee attention to practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and illusion in order to discover life's true essential needs.

He was a lifelong abolitionist, delivering lectures that attacked the Fugitive Slave Law while praising the writings of Wendell Phillips and defending the abolitionist John Brown. Thoreau's philosophy of civil disobedience later influenced the political thoughts and actions of such notable figures as Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr.