The Eagle and the Fox

The Eagle and the Fox is a fable of friendship betrayed and revenged. Counted as one of Aesop’s Fables, it is numbered 1 in the Perry Index. The central situation concerns an eagle that seizes a fox’s cubs and bears them off to feed its young. There are then alternative endings to the story, in one of which the fox exacts restitution while in the other it gains retribution for its injury.

The fable’s Latin version by Phaedrus is prefaced by the statement that the powerful should fear revenge from the humble that they harm. In his account, the mother fox pulls a flaming branch from an altar and threatens to burn down the tree in which the marauding eagle has nested. Fearing for the safety of its own young, the eagle restores the cubs. This was the version taken up in early English collections of Aesop’s fables, including those of William Caxton,Francis Barlow, and Samuel Croxall.Marie de France also used this story in her 12th century Anglo-Norman account, with the additional detail that the fox had first piled faggots about the tree. Her comment on the situation highlights the uselessness of appealing to those who use arbitrary force: “The proud rich man will never have mercy on the poor man because of his hue and cry, but if the poor man could wreak vengeance on him, then you would see the rich man bow.”

In an alternative version, the eagle and the fox are friends and decide to live near each other. After the eagle betrays their friendship by stealing the fox’s cubs and feeding them to its young, the fox prays for vengeance. This is brought about when the eagle seizes meat from a sacrificial altar to which a glowing charcoal is attached and sets fire to its nest. The roasted chicks tumble to the foot of the tree, where they are eaten by the fox. This version predates Aesop, since Archilochus (c.650 BCE) relates how the friendship between the two is betrayed and the fox appeals to Zeus. By the time of Aristophanes, however, the story of the bad alliance between the two creatures is attributed to Aesop.

During the Renaissance the fable was made the subject of two Latin poems by Hieronymus Osius and another by Gabriele Faerno. In the contemporary Fables d’Esope by Gilles Corrozet (1547), as in Charles Perrault’s Fables (1697), the fox himself sets fire to the tree and eats the roasted chicks as they fall. Perrault’s conclusion is that “There is no pain greater/ Unmerited by a traitor”, where for Pieter de la Court in his Sinryke Fabulen (1685), “Better a hound for friend than foe” (beeter en hond ten vriende als ten vyande). The Dutch work, with its topical “explications”, was translated into English as Fables Moral and Political in 1703. A decade before, Roger L'Estrange had recorded the fable too and, with the fox’s prayer in mind, gave it the moral, “God reserves to himself the Punishment of faithless and oppressing Governours, and the vindication of his own Worship and Altars”.

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