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Terpinene

Terpinenes
Alpha terpinene.png
α-Terpinene
Beta terpinene.png
β-Terpinene
Gamma terpinene.png
γ-Terpinene
Terpinolene.svg
δ-Terpinene
(terpinolene)
Names
IUPAC names
α: 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene
β: 4-Methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexene
γ: 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene
δ: 1-Methyl-4-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclohex-1-ene
Identifiers
3D model (Jmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.440
Properties
C10H16
Molar mass 136.24 g·mol−1
Density α: 0.8375 g/cm3
β: 0.838 g/cm3
γ: 0.853 g/cm3
Melting point α: 60-61 °C
Boiling point α: 173.5-174.8 °C
β: 173-174 °C
γ: 183 °C
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY  (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

The terpinenes are a group of isomeric hydrocarbons that are classified as terpenes. They each have the same molecular formula and carbon framework, but they differ in the position of carbon-carbon double bonds. α-Terpinene has been isolated from cardamom and marjoram oils, and from other natural sources. β-Terpinene has no known natural source, but has been prepared synthetically from sabinene. γ-Terpinene and δ-terpinene (also known as terpinolene) are natural and have been isolated from a variety of plant sources.

α-Terpinene is a perfume and flavoring chemical used in the cosmetics and food industries. Its use in both the pharmaceutical and the electronics semi-conductor manufacturing industries has also proven to be valuable.

The biosynthesis of α-terpinene and other terpenoids occurs via the mevalonate pathway because its starting reactant, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), is derived from mevalonic acid.

Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) is produced from the reaction of a resonance-stable allylic cation, formed from the loss of the pyrophosphate group from DMAPP, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), and the subsequent loss of a proton. GPP then loses the pyrophosphate group to form the resonance-stable geranyl cation. The reintroduction of the pyrophosphate group to the cation produces GPP isomer, known as linalyl pyrophosphate (LPP). LPP then forms a resonance-stable cation by losing its pyrophosphate group. Cyclization is then completed thanks to this more favorable stereochemistry of the LPP cation, now yielding a terpinyl cation. Finally, a 1,2-hydride shift via a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement produces the terpinen-4-yl cation. It is the loss of a hydrogen from this cation that generates α-terpinene.


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Wikipedia

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