Telescoping bolt

A weapon with a telescoping bolt (also known as an overhung bolt) is one with a bolt which telescopes over, that is, wraps around and past, the breech end of the barrel. This feature reduces the required length of a weapon such as a submachine gun significantly, and it allows rifle designs to be balanced around the pistol grip in a way that gives "pointability" similar to a pistol's.

While it would be simpler and easier to shorten the bolt to fit completely behind the breech, the bolt must have a certain amount of mass in order to operate reliably with a given caliber. The telescoping bolt moves some of that mass forward of the bolt face, resulting in a bolt which is longer overall, but is shorter behind the bolt face.

Though technically a different, distinct concept, nearly all telescoping bolt submachine guns do use an ammunition magazine located in the pistol grip which is used to hold the weapon.

The telescoping bolt concept first appeared on semi-automatic handguns designed by John Browning, such as the M1911-series pistol produced for the U.S. Army. These pistols feature a slide, which acts as both a barrel shroud and the bolt. This allowed Browning to design compact pistols for high-powered cartridges.

The first production model submachine gun using the telescoping bolt concept was the Czechoslovakian Cz 23 aka Sa.23 or vz.48b series, first produced in 1948. These submachine guns use a cylindrical telescoping bolt with centered barrel. While widely exported in the third world, the Cz 23 series was not well known in the west.

The first popularly well-known example was the Uzi submachine gun, designed in Israel by Uziel Gal, a designer inspired by the Cz 23 series. It uses a rectangular bolt, with a barrel which is offset toward the bottom of the bolt. This configuration places the axis of recoil lower, increasing the controllability of the weapon in full-automatic fire. The Uzi was designed in 1948 after the first models of the Cz 23 were seen, and entered service in 1954 (after official adoption in 1951).

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