Tardive dyskinesias
| Tardive dyskinesia | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Linguofacial dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, tardive oral dyskinesia |
 |
|
| Tardive dyskinesia is believed to involve the neurotransmitter dopamine | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
| Symptoms | Involuntary, repetitive body movements |
| Causes | Neuroleptic medications (antipsychotics, ) |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms after ruling out other potential causes |
| Similar conditions | Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy, Tourette syndrome, dystonia |
| Prevention | Using lowest possible dose of neuroleptic medication |
| Treatment | Stopping neuroleptic medication if possible, switching to clozapine |
| Medication | Valbenazine, tetrabenazine, botulinum toxin |
| Prognosis | Variable |
| Frequency | 20% (atypical antipsychotics) 30% (typical antipsychotics) |
| Classification |
· ·
|
|---|---|
| External resources |
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that results in involuntary, repetitive body movements. This may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue, or smacking of the lips. Additionally there may be rapid jerking movements or slow writhing movements. In about 20% of people decreased functioning results.
Tardive dyskinesia occurs in some people as a result of long-term use of neuroleptic medications (antipsychotics, ). These medications are usually used for mental illness, but may also be given for gastrointestinal or neurological problems. The condition typically only develops after months to years of use. The diagnosis is based on the symptoms after ruling out other potential causes.
Efforts to prevent the condition include not using or using the lowest possible dose of neuroleptics. Treatment include stopping the neuroleptic medication if possible or switching to clozapine. Other medications such as valbenazine, tetrabenazine, or botulinum toxin may be used to lessen the symptoms. With treatment some see a resolution of symptoms while others do not.
Rates in those on atypical antipsychotics are about 20% while those on typical antipsychotics have rates of about 30%. Risk is greater in older people. The term "tardive dyskinesia" first came into use in 1964.
Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements. Some examples of these types of involuntary movements include:
Rapid, involuntary movements of the limbs, torso, and fingers may also occur. In some cases, an individual's legs can be so affected that walking becomes difficult or impossible. These symptoms are the opposite of patients who are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's patients have difficulty moving, whereas tardive dyskinesia patients have difficulty not moving.
Respiratory irregularity, such as grunting and difficulty breathing, is another symptom associated with tardive dyskinesia, although studies have shown that the prevalence rate is relatively low.
Tardive dyskinesia is often misdiagnosed as a mental illness rather than a neurological disorder, and as a result patients are prescribed neuroleptic drugs, which increase the probability that the patient will develop a severe and disabling case, and shortening the typical survival period.
...
Wikipedia