Superconducting quantum computing

Superconducting quantum computing is an implementation of a quantum computer in superconducting electronic circuits. Research in superconducting quantum computing is conducted by Google,IBM and Intel. Up to nine fully controllable qubits are demonstrated in a 1D array, up to sixteen in a 2D architecture.

More than two thousand superconducting qubits are claimed in a commercial product by D-Wave Systems, however there is a debate regarding whether these processors are quantum computing devices.

Classical computation models rely on physical implementations consistent with the laws of classical mechanics. It is known, however, that the classical description is only accurate for specific cases, while the more general description of nature is given by the quantum mechanics. Quantum computation studies the application of quantum phenomena, that are beyond the scope of classical approximation, for information processing and communication. Various models of quantum computation exist, however the most popular models incorporate the concepts of qubits and quantum gates. A qubit is a generalization of a bit - a system with two possible states, that can be in a quantum superposition of both. A quantum gate is a generalization of a logic gate: it describes the transformation that one or more qubits will experience after the gate is applied on them, given their initial state. The physical implementation of qubits and gates is difficult, for the same reasons that quantum phenomena are hard to observe in everyday life. One approach is to implement the quantum computers in superconductors, where the quantum effects become macroscopic, though at a price of extremely low operation temperatures.

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