Substantive title

A substantive or Dynastical title (or substantive peerage) is a title of nobility or royalty held by someone (normally by one person alone) and acquired either by direct grant or inheritance. It is to be distinguished from: a title shared among cadets; or borne as a courtesy title by a peer's immediate offspring; or acquired as a by virtue of marriage or grant.

The peerage in the British Isles and some continental nobilities (e.g. in Spain, pre-republican France and exceptionally in other European nobilities) confer titles solely upon an individual, for instance Duke of Leinster (a substantive title, in the Peerage of Ireland). A peer's eldest living son and heir, or eldest male-line grandson and heir-eventual have, however, traditionally been accorded a subsidiary title of the peer's (if he ranks as an earl or higher) as a courtesy title. Until 1999 heirs apparent could be summoned by the British Crown to the House of Lords in right of that subsidiary title through issuance of a writ of acceleration, thereby transforming a courtesy titleholder into a substantive Peer of the Realm (e.g., Baron Cecil of Essendon).

Among royalty and continental nobility, a title may be used by several members of a family, for example, "Prince/Princess (Prinz/Prinzessin) of Liechtenstein" borne by cadets of the dynasty of the Prince (Fürst) of Liechtenstein; or "Duke/Duchess (Herzog/Herzogin) in Saxony", borne (but used as a subsidiary title since the eighteenth century) by cadets of the various Wettin monarchs of royal Saxony and of ducal Saxony; or "Grand Duke/Grand Duchess of Russia" (Russian: Великий князь, Velikiy knyaz, German: Großfürst etc.), borne by all dynastic children and children of the sons of Russian emperors.

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