State space
In the theory of discrete dynamical systems, a state space is the set of values which a process can take. For example, a system in queueing theory recording the number of customers in a line would have state space {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. State space is conceptually similar to phase space, but for discrete rather than continuous dynamical systems.
In a computer program, when the effective state space is small compared to all reachable states, this is referred to as clumping. Software such as LURCH analyzes such situations.
In games, the state space is the set of all possible configurations within the game. For instance, in backgammon, it consists of all the possible positions in which the 30 pieces can be placed, whether on the board, on the bar or in the bear-off tray. Within this state space there is the subset of positions which are valid according to the rules of backgammon. A game's total state space is often readily calculated whereas finding the subset of valid positions may be a considerable challenge. For example, a Chess board has 8x8=64 positions, and there are 32 distinct pieces, so by combination the total state space has = 1,832,624,140,942,590,534 states. However, most of those states are not valid positions. The size of a game's state space is related to its complexity. God's algorithm is the minimum size of the state space needed to find a solution from any possible position in a game.
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