Span efficiency

The Oswald efficiency, similar to the span efficiency, is a correction factor that represents the change in drag with lift of a three-dimensional wing or airplane, as compared with an ideal wing having the same aspect ratio and an elliptical lift distribution.

The Oswald efficiency is defined for the cases where the overall coefficient of drag of the wing or airplane has a constant+quadratic dependence on the aircraft lift coefficient

where

For conventional fixed-wing aircraft with moderate aspect ratio and sweep, Oswald efficiency number with wing flaps retracted is typically between 0.7 and 0.85. At supersonic speeds, Oswald efficiency number decreases substantially. For example, at Mach 1.2 Oswald efficiency number is likely to be between 0.3 and 0.5.

It is frequently assumed that Oswald efficiency number is the same as the span efficiency factor which appears in Lifting-line theory, and in fact the same symbol e is typically used for both. But this assumes that the profile drag coefficient is independent of ${\displaystyle C_{L}}$, which is certainly not true in general. Assuming that the profile drag itself has a constant+quadratic dependence on ${\displaystyle C_{L}}$, an alternative drag coefficient breakdown can be given by

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