Solar cycle 10

Solar cycle 10
Sunspots during solar cycle 10, as sketched by Richard Carrington (September 1, 1859).
Sunspot Data
Start date	December 1855
End date	March 1867
Duration (years)	11.3
Max count	98.0
Max count month	February 1860
Min count	5.2
Spotless days	406
Cycle chronology
Previous cycle	Solar cycle 9 (1843-1855)
Next cycle	Solar cycle 11 (1867-1878)

Solar cycle 10 was the tenth solar cycle since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.3 years, beginning in December 1855 and ending in March 1867. The maximum smoothed sunspot number (monthly number of sunspots averaged over a twelve-month period) observed during the solar cycle was 98.0 (February 1860), and the minimum was 5.2. There were a total of approximately 406 days with no sunspots during this cycle.

The first observations of solar flares, by Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson (independently), occurred during this cycle.

On September 1–2, 1859, the largest recorded geomagnetic storm on Earth occurred, known as the Carrington Event.Aurorae were seen around the world, even over the Caribbean; those over the Rocky Mountains were so bright that their glow awoke gold miners, who began preparing breakfast because they thought it was morning.

Telegraph systems all over Europe and North America failed. Telegraph pylons threw sparks and telegraph paper spontaneously caught fire. Some telegraph systems appeared to continue to send and receive messages despite having been disconnected from their power supplies.

From August 28, 1859 until September 2, numerous sunspots and solar flares were observed on the sun. Just before noon on September 1, the British astronomer Richard Carrington observed the largest flare,