Sodium tungsten bronze
Sodium tungsten bronze is a form of insertion compound with the formula NaxWO3, where x is equal to or less than 1. Named due to its metallic lustre, its electrical properties range from semiconducting to metallic depending on the concentration of sodium ions present; it can also exhibit superconductivity.
Prepared in 1823 by the chemist Friedrich Wöhler, sodium tungsten bronze was the first alkali metal bronze to be discovered. They owe some of their properties to the relative stability of the tungsten(V) cation that is formed. A similar family of molybdenum bronzes may have been discovered in 1885 by Alfred Stavenhagen and E. Engels, but they are formed in a very narrow range of temperatures and were not reported again until the 1960s.
Sodium tungsten bronze, like other tungsten bronzes, is resistant to chemical reaction under both acidic and basic conditions. Colour is dependent upon the proportion of sodium in the compound, ranging from golden at x≈0.9, through red, orange and deep purple, to blue-black when x≈0.3.
The electrical resistivity of the bronze depends on the proportion of sodium in the compound, with specific resistances of 1.66 mΩ being measured for some samples. It has been suggested that electrons, released when the sodium atoms are ionised, are conducted readily through the tungsten t2g and oxygen π orbitals. This can be observed in the XPS and UPS spectra: the peak representing the tungsten 5d band becomes more intense as x rises.
For values of x below 0.3, the bronze is semiconducting rather than metallic. When cooled sufficiently, sodium tungsten bronze becomes a superconductor, with the critical temperature (Tc) for Na0.23WO3 being approximately 2.2 kelvin. The first record of superconductivity in a tungsten bronze was in 1964, with a Tc of 0.57 K.
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