Socialist-leaning countries

In the political terminology of the former Soviet Union, the socialist-leaning countries (Russian: Страны социалистической ориентации, countries of socialist orientation) were the post-colonial Third World countries which the Soviet Union recognized as adhering to the ideas of Socialism in the Marxist understanding. As a result, these countries received significant economic and military support. In Soviet press these states were also called Russian: страны, идущие по пути строительства социализма, literally, "countries on the path of the construction of Socialism") Russian: страны, стоящие на пути социалиcтического развития, literally, "countries on the path of the socialist" development). All these terms meant to draw a distinction from the true Socialist states (in Marxist understanding).

The use of the term was partly a result of a reassessment of national liberation movements in the Third World following World War II, widespread decolonization and the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as Khrushchev's Secret Speech to the 20th Congress of the CPSU and the "De-Stalinization" of Soviet Marxism. The discussion of anti-colonial struggle at the Second Congress of the Comintern in 1920 had been formulated in terms of a debate between those for an alliance with the anti-imperialist national bourgeoisie (initially advocated by Lenin) and those for a pure class line of socialist, anti-feudal as well as anti-imperialist struggle (such as M. N. Roy). The revolutions of the post-war decolonization era (excepting those led by explicitly proletarian forces, such as the Vietnamese Revolution), e.g. the rise of Nasserism, were initially seen by many communists as a new form of bourgeois nationalism, and there were often sharp conflicts between nationalists and communists. However, the adoption of leftist economic programs by many of these movements and governments, as well as the international alliances between the revolutionary nationalists and the Soviet Union, obliged communists to reassess their nature. Now, these movements were seen as neither classical bourgeois nationalists nor socialist per se, but rather offering the possibility of "non-capitalist development" as a path of "transition to socialism".

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