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Smyrniote crusades

Smyrniote crusades
Part of the Crusades
Date 1343–1351
Location Around Smyrna, Anatolia
Result Indecisive
Territorial
changes
Christians occupy part of Smyrna until 1402, but fail to secure the city or end Turkish piracy in the Aegean
Belligerents
Papal States
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Cyprus
Dauphiny
Knights Hospitaller
Emirate of Aydin
Commanders and leaders
Henry of Asti  
Martino Zaccaria  
Hugh IV of Cyprus
Humbert II of Viennois
Umur Beg

The Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) were two Crusades sent by Pope Clement VI against the Emirate of Aydin under Umur Beg which had as their principal target the coastal city of Smyrna in Asia Minor.

The first Smyrniote crusade was the brainchild of Clement VI. The threat of Turkish piracy in the Aegean Sea had induced Clement's predecessors, John XXII and Benedict XII, to maintain a fleet of four galleys there to defend Christian shipping, but starting in the 1340s Clement endeavoured with Venetian aid to expand this effort into a full military expedition. He commissioned Henry of Asti, the Catholic patriarch of Constantinople, to organise a league against the Turks, who had increased their piracy in the Aegean in recent years. Hugh IV of Cyprus and the Order of the Hospital joined and, on 2 November 1342, the Pope sent letters to engage the men and ships of Venice. The Papal bull granting the Crusade indulgence and authorising its preaching throughout Europe, Insurgentibus contra fidem, was published on 30 September.

The first Smyrniote crusade began with a naval victory and ended with a successful assault on Smyrna, capturing the harbour and the citadel but not the acropolis, on 28 October 1344. In a gesture of over-confidence, on 17 January 1345 Henry of Asti attempted to celebrate mass in an abandoned structure which he believed had been the cathedral of the metropolitan. In the middle of the service Umur Beg swept down on the congregation. In the ensuing slaughter the leaders of the crusade were killed, including the Patriarch, Martino Zaccaria and the Venetian commander Pietro Zeno.


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