Smith normal form

In mathematics, the Smith normal form is a normal form that can be defined for any matrix (not necessarily square) with entries in a principal ideal domain (PID). The Smith normal form of a matrix is diagonal, and can be obtained from the original matrix by multiplying on the left and right by invertible square matrices. In particular, the integers are a PID, so one can always calculate the Smith normal form of an integer matrix. The Smith normal form is very useful for working with finitely generated modules over a PID, and in particular for deducing the structure of a quotient of a free module. It is named for the British mathematician Henry John Stephen Smith.

Let A be a nonzero m×n matrix over a principal ideal domain R. There exist invertible ${\displaystyle m\times m}$ and ${\displaystyle n\times n}$-matrices S, T so that the product S A T is

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\alpha _{1}&0&0&&\cdots &&0\\0&\alpha _{2}&0&&\cdots &&0\\0&0&\ddots &&&&0\\\vdots &&&\alpha _{r}&&&\vdots \\&&&&0&&\\&&&&&\ddots &\\0&&&\cdots &&&0\end{pmatrix}}.}$

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