Simian retrovirus
| Simian retrovirus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group VI (ssRNA-RT) |
| Order: | Unassigned |
| Family: | Retroviridae |
| Subfamily: | Orthoretrovirinae |
| Genus: | Betaretrovirus |
| Species: | Simian retrovirus |
Simian retrovirus (SRV) is a species of retroviruses that usually infect and cause a fatal immune deficiency in Asian macaques. This virus appears sporadically in captive macaques at breeding facilities which expected as the natural host, but prevalence of this virus in feral macaques remain unknown. SRV was transmitted naturally by virus-containing body fluids (saliva, urine, blood, etc.), via biting or scratching. Contaminated instrument or equipment (fomite) can also spread this virus among animals.
Some clinical and pathological symptoms of SRV-infected macaques are diarrhea, weight loss, splenomegaly, lymphadenopahty, anemia, neutropenia, neoplastic diseases (retroperitonial fibromatosis or rare B-cell lymphomas). To prevent the infection of this virus, two vaccinations have been developed. Those two effective vaccinations are formalin-inactivated whole SRV-1 vaccine and recombinant vaccine expressing SRV envelope glycoprotein gp70 and gp 22.
Until 2006, six types of SRVs have been identified. The original prototype of SRV is Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), which derived from breast tumor tissue of a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in 1970. This prototype virus now belongs to SRV serotype-3 group. SRV-1 serotype was identified in early 1980s in rhesus macaque, M. cyclopis, and M. fascicularis at National Primate Research Center (NPRC), California and New England. The SRV serotype-2 was found in endemic infections of pig-tailed monkey (M. nemestrina), cynomolgus macaques, Japanese macaque (M. fuscata), at Washington NPRC, and in rhesus and Celebes black macaques (M. nigra) at Oregon NPRC. SRV-3 is present at Wisconsin Primate Center, while SRV-4 and SRV-5 have been identified at University of California and Beijing Primate Center. In 2010, a Japanese research group reported two SRV isolates from seropositive cynomolgus macaques and tentatively designated them as SRV/D-Tsukuba (SRV/D-T).
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