Signed measure

In mathematics, signed measure is a generalization of the concept of measure by allowing it to have negative values. Some authors may call it a charge, by analogy with electric charge, which is a familiar distribution that takes on positive and negative values.

There are two slightly different concepts of a signed measure, depending on whether or not one allows it to take infinite values. In research papers and advanced books signed measures are usually only allowed to take finite values, while undergraduate textbooks often allow them to take infinite values. To avoid confusion, this article will call these two cases "finite signed measures" and "extended signed measures".

Given a measurable space (X, Σ), that is, a set X with a sigma algebra Σ on it, an extended signed measure is a function

such that ${\displaystyle \mu (\emptyset )=0}$ and ${\displaystyle \mu }$ is sigma additive, that is, it satisfies the equality

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