Sierra Bonita Ranch
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Sierra Bonita Ranch
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Sierra Bonita Ranch house, 1975
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| Location | Graham County, Arizona, USA |
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| Nearest city | Willcox, Arizona |
| Coordinates | 32°30′37″N 110°02′25″W / 32.51028°N 110.04028°WCoordinates: 32°30′37″N 110°02′25″W / 32.51028°N 110.04028°W |
| Built | 1872 |
| Architect | Unknown |
| Architectural style | Spanish Colonial |
| NRHP Reference # | 66000181 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NHL | July 19, 1964 |
The Sierra Bonita Ranch, founded in 1872 by Henry C. Hooker, is one of the oldest cattle ranches in the United States and the ranch buildings have been designated a National Historic Landmark. It was the first permanent American cattle ranch in Arizona. Hooker bought neighboring ranches until his operation became the largest ranch in Arizona, totaling 800 square miles (2,100 km2), or about 30 by 27 miles (48 by 43 km). It is located in Sulphur Springs Valley about 27 miles (43 km) north of present-day Willcox, Arizona. The modern ranch is much smaller but is still operational and owned by Jesse Hooker Davis, the sixth generation to live and work on the ranch.
Before the arrival of the Spanish, the valley was visited and may have been occupied by Chiricahua Apache. Beginning in about 1775, the Mexican government promoted a policy of Indian appeasement that reduced hostilities. By the early 1800s there were a number of Mexican rancheros in the area that managed thousands of cattle on the open range. As a result of the Mexican Revolution, the settlers in the northern regions lost the government's protection. Apaches stole or killed most of the cattle, and the settlers who didn't returned to the interior of Mexico were killed. By about 1840 the only evidence of their former presence were some ruins and a few herds of wild cattle. The California Gold Rush that began in 1849 drew a large number of people through the area, but by this time only the Apache occupied the area.
Prior to the Gold Rush, cattle were primarily valued for their hides and tallow. A mature steer rarely fetched more than $4.00 a head (or about $115 today). The miners and merchants who came to California as a result of the Gold Rush fed an explosion in the state's population and a concurrent demand for beef. The price of cattle rose up to $75 a head (around $1,173 today). Ranchers could turn a profit driving cattle from as far as Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to California even though the Chiricahua Apaches took many cattle. The ranchers would drive the cattle up California's Central Valley. Once they arrived in the San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley, they would rent pasture and fatten the cattle up before selling them for a handsome profit.
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Wikipedia