She language
| She | |
|---|---|
| Ho Ne | |
| Pronunciation | [hɔ̀né̄] |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Zengcheng, Boluo County, Huidong County and Haifeng County in Guangdong |
| Ethnicity | 710,000 She (2000 census) |
|
Native speakers
|
910 (1999) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | |
| Glottolog | shee1238 |
The She language (Mandarin: 畲語 shēyǔ, Hakka 山客話 san ha ue [sáŋ xáʔ uə̄̀]), autonym Ho Ne (hɔ22 ne53) or Ho Nte, is an endangered Hmong–Mien language spoken by the She people. Most of the over 709,000 She people today speak Hakka Chinese. Those who still speak She—approximately 1,200 individuals in Guangdong province—call themselves Ho Ne "mountain people" (Chinese: 活聶 huóniè). She is nearly extinct today. There are two main dialects of She: Luofu, which is the Eastern She dialect and Lianhua, which is the Western She dialect.
She has been difficult to classify due to the heavy influence of Chinese on the language. Matisoff (2001), for example, left it unclassified within the Hmongic languages, and some have considered that much to be doubtful, leaving it unclassified within (and potentially a third branch of) the Hmong–Mien languages. She has monosyllabic roots, but has mainly compound words. However, due to the similar components of She, Mao & Li (2002) and Ratliff (2010) consider She to be most closely related to Jiongnai.
The She have strongly influenced, and been strongly influenced by, the Hakka Chinese, both in language and culture.
The She people of Eastern Fujian speak a Min Dong–influenced variety of She.
Glottal stop is not distinct from zero (a vowel-initial syllable).
There are consonant mutation effects. For instance, pǐ + kiáu becomes pi̋’iáu, and kóu + tȁi becomes kóulȁi.
Vowels are /i e a ɔ ɤ u/. Finals are /j w n ŋ t k/, with /t k/ only in Hakka loans, though /ɤ/ is never followed by a final, and the only stops which follow the front vowels are /n t/.
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