Second coordination sphere

In coordination chemistry, the coordination sphere refers to a central atom or ion and an array of molecules or anions, the ligands, around. The second coordination sphere consists of molecules and ions that attached in various ways to the first coordination sphere.

The first coordination sphere refers to the molecules that are attached directly to the metal. These molecules are typically solvent. The interactions between the first and second coordination spheres usually involve hydrogen-bonding. For charged complexes, ion pairing is important.

In hexamminecobalt(III) chloride ([Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃), the cobalt cation plus the 6 ammonia ligands comprise the first coordination sphere. The coordination sphere of this ion thus consists of a central MN₆ core "decorated" by 18 N−H bonds that radiate outwards.

Metal ions can be described as consisting of series of two concentric coordination spheres, the first and second. More distant from the second coordination sphere, the solvent molecules behave more like "bulk solvent." Simulation of the second coordination sphere is of interest in computational chemistry. The second coordination sphere can consist of ions (especially in charged complexes), molecules (especially those that hydrogen bond to ligands in the first coordination sphere) and portions of a ligand backbone. Compared to the first coordination sphere, the second coordination sphere has a less direct influence on the reactivity and chemical properties of the metal complex. Nonetheless the second coordination sphere is relevant to understanding reactions of the metal complex, including the mechanisms of ligand exchange and catalysis.

Mechanisms of metalloproteins often invoke modulation of the second coordination sphere by the protein. For example, an amine cofactor in the second coordination sphere of some hydrogenase enzymes assists in the activation of dihydrogen substrate.

The rates at which ligands exchange between the first and the second coordination sphere is the first step in ligand substitution reactions. In associative ligand substitution, the entering nucleophile resides in the second coordination sphere. These effects are relevant to practical applications such as contrast agents used in MRI.

...
Wikipedia