Satpanth

Satpanth is a Sanskrit term used initially by Nizari Ismailis and Ismaili Sufis to identify their faith formed by conversions from Hinduism over 700 years ago by Pir Sadruddin (1290-1367). Though the term today is used mainly by its subgroup formed over 600 years ago in the 15th century by his grandson Pir Imam Shah (1430-1520) which itself consists of various sub-sects, and differs from the mainstream Nizari Khojas in that they reject the Aga Khan as their leader and are known more commonly as Imam-Shahi, and are more likely to outwardly identify themselves as Hindu. Uniquely, the term Satpanth has been historically used by Ismailis that claim to be Muslim, as well as by adherents of subgroups that claim to be Hindu. There are villages in Gujarat which are totally 'Satpanthi' such as Pirana near Ahmedabad where Imam Shah is buried. Satpanthi Dargahs are known to be venerated with a stark contrast in the devotees, with outward Muslims who may wear a hijab, and outward Hindus wearing traditional garb such as the sari.

Satpanth can be described as a synthesis of Hinduism and Ismailism as most who refer to themselves as "Satpanthi" claim they are Hindu and retain their Hindu names and traditions. This has resulted in a unique syncretism in which adherents outwardly use Hindu symbols, especially the Om and Swastika, keep Sanskrit names, and observe all mainstream Hindu religious occasions, while prayers can also include the fusion of Persian and Arabic Duas.

The term "Satpanth" is used historically by mainstream Ismailis who outwardly claim to be Muslim, keep Muslim names, and have given up most if not all connections to their Hindu history, including the use of the term Satpanth itself, which is Sanskrit for "True Path". Meanwhile, its related subgroups including the Imam-Shahis may attempt the opposite, by denying any connections to Ismailism and sufism, and accentuating their Hindu beliefs and use of Hindu symbolism.

The people of the Satpanth consist mostly of high-caste converts of Lohana origin. Others are from Rajput, merchant, and farming castes including the Patidar and Patel communities belonging to Kutch Gujarat. Some are migrants from neighbouring Indian states—including Madhya Pradesh, the Punjab and Rajasthan—who now reside in Gujarat (mainly the Kutch and commercial areas) and Mumbai. Many from the northern Rabari community are also of this faith. Followers of Satpanth are also present in significant numbers in Jalgaon, Nandurbar and Dhule districts of Northern Maharashtra, which are part of Leva Patidar and Gujar communities. Notably, most of the followers of Satpanth are Hindus, making it a unique place where Islam and Hinduism come together.

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