SN 1054
Giant picture mosaic of the Crab Nebula, remnant of SN 1054, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in visible light. Credit: NASA/ESA.
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| Other designations | PSR B0531+21.9, SN 1054, PSR 0532, SN 1054A, PSR 0531, PSR B0532+21, 2MASS J05343194+2200521, PSR B0531+21, PSR J0534+2200, CSI+21-05315, PLX 1266, V* CM Tau |
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| Event type |
Supernova, star 
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| Spectral class | Type II |
| Observation | |
| Date | 4 July 1054 |
| Location | |
| Constellation | Taurus |
| Right ascension | 5h 34.5m |
| Declination | +22° 01' |
| Epoch | ? |
| Galactic coordinates | G.184.6–5.8 |
| Distance | 6.5 kly (2.0 kpc) |
| Remnant | Nebula |
| Host | Milky Way |
| Characteristics | |
| Progenitor | Unknown |
| Progenitor type | Unknown |
| Colour (B-V) | Unknown |
| Energetics | |
| Peak apparent magnitude | -6 |
| See also | |
| Preceded by | SN 1006 |
| Followed by | SN 1181 |
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SN 1054 is a supernova that was first observed on 4 July 1054, and remained visible for around two years. The event was recorded in contemporary Chinese astronomy, and references to it are also found in a later (13th-century) Japanese document, and in a document from the Arab world. Furthermore, there are a number of proposed, but doubtful, references from European sources recorded in the 15th century, and perhaps a pictograph associated with the Ancestral Puebloan culture found near the Peñasco Blanco site in New Mexico.
The remnant of SN 1054, which consists of debris ejected during the explosion, is known as the Crab Nebula. It is located in the sky near the star Zeta Tauri (ζ Tauri). The core of the exploding star formed a pulsar, called the Crab Pulsar (or PSR B0531+21). The nebula and the pulsar that it contains are some of the most studied astronomical objects outside the Solar System. It is one of the few Galactic supernovae where the date of the explosion is well known. The two objects are the most luminous in their respective categories. For these reasons, and because of the important role it has repeatedly played in the modern era, SN 1054 is the best known supernova in the history of astronomy.
The Crab Nebula is easily observed by amateur astronomers thanks to its brightness, and was also catalogued early on by professional astronomers, long before its true nature was understood and identified. When the French astronomer Charles Messier watched for the return of Halley's Comet in 1758, he confused the nebula for the comet, as he was unaware of the former's existence. Due to this error, he created his catalogue of non-cometary nebulous objects, the Messier Catalogue, to avoid such mistakes in the future. The nebula is catalogued as the first Messier object, or M1.
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