Rock and Roll Queen is the first compilation album by the British rock band Mott the Hoople. The album predominantly features selections from the four albums Mott recorded for Island Records in the UK, which were subsequently issued in the US by Atlantic Records. In Canada, the first three were released by Polydor, while Brain Capers was released in Canada by Island.

The album was initially released by Island Records UK in late 1972 (catalog no. ILPS 9215) following Mott's move to CBS/Columbia Records earlier that year, and the band's success with their first CBS/Columbia album All the Young Dudes. It was not initially issued in North America until February 1974 when Atlantic released it in the US (catalog no. SD 7297), and Island released it in Canada, after the release of Mott's second Columbia album Mott (1973). The release also shortly followed recording of ex-Mott guitarist Mick Ralphs's first album with his new band Bad Company, which was issued as the first release by Atlantic's affiliated label Swan Song Records in June 1974 in North America.

The album includes selections from all of Mott the Hoople's Island/Atlantic albums, as well as one non-LP track, as chosen by the band's early mentor and producer Guy Stevens. Stevens' selections might in some cases be viewed as questionable; in particular, his choices include a short edit of "The Wheel of the Quivering Meat Conception" (a coda to Ian Hunter's song "The Journey" on which Stevens took a songwriter's credit), and one track from Mott's largely self-produced album Wildlife that Stevens collaborated with them on, the live 1950s rock and roll medley "Keep A Knockin'." Regardless of this, however, critic Ira Robbins cited the album as having merit in his Trouser Press online retrospective of Ian Hunter's and Mott the Hoople's work: "Rock and Roll Queen ... omits 'Sweet Angeline' [from Mott's fourth album Brain Capers] and includes 'Keep A Knockin' but is otherwise a fair sampler of the band's Atlantic era."

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