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Renal calculi

Kidney stone disease
Synonyms Urolithiasis, kidney stone, renal calculus, nephrolith, kidney stone disease,
A color photograph of a kidney stone, 8 millimetres in length.
A kidney stone, 8 millimeters (0.3 in) in diameter
Specialty Urology, nephrology
Symptoms Severe pain in the lower back or abdomen, blood in the urine, vomiting
Causes Genetics and environmental factors
Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, urine testing, medical imaging
Similar conditions Abdominal aortic aneurysm, diverticulitis, appendicitis, pyelonephritis
Prevention Drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day
Treatment Pain medication, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Frequency 22.1 million (2015)
Deaths 16,100 (2015)
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Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms. If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 in) it can cause blockage of the ureter resulting in severe pain in the lower back or abdomen. A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination. About half of people will have another stone within ten years.

Most stones form due to a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Risk factors include high urine calcium levels, obesity, certain foods, some medications, calcium supplements, hyperparathyroidism, gout and not drinking enough fluids. Stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration. The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, urine testing, and medical imaging. Blood tests may also be useful. Stones are typically classified by their location: nephrolithiasis (in the kidney), ureterolithiasis (in the ureter), cystolithiasis (in the bladder), or by what they are made of (calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine).


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