R2 RNA element

R2 RNA element
Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of R2_retro_el
Identifiers
Symbol	R2_retro_el
Rfam	RF00524
Other data
RNA type	Cis-reg
Domain(s)	Eukaryota
SO	0000233

The R2 RNA element is a non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposable element that inserts at a specific site in the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of most insect genomes. In order to insert itself into the genome, retrotransposon encoded protein (R2) protein makes a specific nick in one of the DNA strands at the insertion site and uses the 3′ hydroxyl group exposed by this nick to prime the reverse transcription process termed target primed reverse transcription (TPRT), where the RNA genome is transcribed into DNA.

The R2 element 3' UTR RNA is a cis-acting element identified in R2 retrotransposons which is involved in priming the reverse transcription process (an essential part of retrotransposon insertion into the host genome). An RNA fragment found in the R2 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), has been shown to interact with one copy of R2 protein during TPRT. This fragment has been shown to possess conserved secondary structure within Drosophila and silk moths, and also between the two groups.

The R2 element is co-transcribed with host organism 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). To become a fully mature R2 messenger RNA (mRNA), requires that the initial R2 transcript be processed to remove the 28S rRNA. This processing occurs via a self-cleaving ribozyme that forms at the 5' junction of the R2 RNA. This ribozyme has been found to have high structural similarity to the HDV ribozyme but they are not homologous; the two sequences are thought to have undergone convergent evolution.

The 5′ R2 protein binding site occurs in a region that spans part of the 5' UTR and the start of the R2 ORF. This region also has a conserved secondary structure, which has been deduced from binding to oligonucleotide microarrays, structure probing, and free energy minimization. To date, conservation of structure has only been described in five moth species: Bombyx mori (R2Bm), Samia cynthia (R2Sc), Coscinocera hercules (R2Ch), Callosamia promethea (R2Cpr), Saturnia pyri (R2Spy)