R. v. Marshall

R v Marshall (No 1) [1999] 3 S.C.R. 456 and R v Marshall (No 2) [1999] 3 S.C.R. 533 are two decisions given by the Supreme Court of Canada on a single case regarding a treaty right to fish.

The Court held in the first decision that the famous Donald Marshall's catching and selling of eels was valid under 1760 and 1761 treaties between the Mi'kmaq and Britain, and that federal fishery regulations governing a closed fishing season and the regulating and the requirement of licenses to fish and sell the catch would infringe the treaty right.

In 1999, the court of appeal heard the Marshall case. The court of appeal indicated that the trial judge had made an error in law and, therefore, overturned the decision. (p. 89) The appeal Judge Justice Binnie stated that the trial judge’s error was in not focusing attention on the Maliseet–British treaty of 1 February 1760.

Crown Lawyer Alex M. Cameron argues that the appeal judge made several errors in law when over-turning the trial court decision. The Supreme Court judge suggested the trial judge had made an error in law by not focusing on the 1 February 1760 treaty. Cameron notes that neither the Crown nor Mr. Marshall’s lawyers argued that the document was relevant. As a result, Cameron argues this omission was not an error of the trial judge.

Further, Cameron argues that both courts made an error in law by asserting that they were being asked to decide on the rights of all Mi’kmaq. Cameron identifies that there are multiple treaties signed by different tribes and there is no one treaty that was signed on behalf of all Mi’kmaq tribes. Further, only about half the existing Mi’kmaq bands signed any treaty. However, while the courts were only being asked to decide on the right of an individual Mi’kmaq from Cape Breton, the courts took the liberty to suggest the trial involved the rights of every Mi’kmaq. Such generalizations led the Supreme Court to accept a Miliseet–British treaty as applicable to a Mi’kmaq individual from Cape Breton.

Cameron also argues that the Supreme Court overturned the "statement of facts" that were established by the trial judge, which is not the job of the Supreme Court. The trial court accepted that the Mi’kmaq were negotiating the treaties from a position of weakness and therefore unable to make demands – assert any rights – in relation to trade. In contrast, the appeal judge did accept that the Mi’kmaq were negotiating from a position of strength and therefore, were implicitly, asserting their right to trade.

Cameron also argues that the Supreme Court’s decision was not constitutionally sound. After 1758, whatever treaties a governor made, the treaties needed to be passed through the Legislative Assembly before they would become law. There were no laws passed in Nova Scotia supporting the Treaties of 1760-61. The Governor would have no legal authority to entitle or deny native people the right to hunt, fish, and gather for trade. Without laws, the courts are unable to enforce the treaties.

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