Propagule pressure

Propagule pressure (also termed introduction effort) is a composite measure of the number of individuals of a species released into a region to which they are not native. It incorporates estimates of the absolute number of individuals involved in any one release event (propagule size) and the number of discrete release events (propagule number). As the number of releases or the number of individuals released increases, propagule pressure also increases. Propagule pressure can be defined as the quality, quantity, and frequency of invading organisms (Groom, 2006). Propagule pressure is a key element to why some introduced species persist while others do not (Lockwood, 2005). Species introduced in large quantities and consistent quantities prove more likely to survive, whereas species introduced in small numbers with only a few release events are more likely to go extinct (Lockwood, 2005). Propagule pressure is a composite measure to the number of individuals released into a non-native region (Lockwood, 2005). Three approaches are used to study and measure propagule pressure. One approach introduces a specific amount of propagules into controlled plots. A second approach allows introduced species to mature and colonize naturally while observing native and non-native species during the colonization. The final approach used to study and measure propagule pressure utilizes past records of the numbers of individuals introduced, including natural introductions and intentional introductions (Colautti et al., 2003).

Propagule pressure plays an important role in species invasions (Groom, 2006). Charles Darwin was the first to study specific factors related to invasions of non-native species. In his research he identified that few members of the same genus were present in habitats containing naturalized non-indigenous species (Colautti et al., 2006). His research showed that the number of nonnative species varied from habitat to habitat. Later, it was suggested that the niche theory and biotic resistance help explain the variation in success or failure of nonnative invasion (Colautti et al., 2006). More recent studies have shown that particular invasive species characteristics, such as ability to compete for resources, aid in their proliferation in habitats. A study noted by Colautti showed the correlation between propagule pressure and invasion success (2006). Without propagule pressure the number of invasive species incorporated would be unpredictable. It has been shown that species successfulness is frequently attributed to propagules (Colautti et al., 2006).

One important concept of propagule pressure is how it can be used to predict and or prevent invasions of nonnative species in high risk locations. As invasion rates increase and biodiversity decreases, the probability of non-native establishment needs to be more accurately measured (Leung et al., 2004). Once estimation rates of species invasion success are better known, prevention efforts can be better implemented (Leung et al., 2004). To properly understand propagule pressure it is also important to realize that it is actually in flux within nature. In general, the probability of establishment will always be higher whenever propagule pressure is higher (Leung et al., 2004). If pressure is extremely low it is likely that the species’ population will be too small to detect. When this is the case detailed information on rates of population introduction and size are difficult to obtain (Leung et al., 2004).

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